9. Typed holes and type-driven development

When you write a program, you rarely know every piece at once. You know the shape of what you want, and some parts are still blank. In Python you might leave a TODO comment or a pass and hope you remember what belonged there. Pyfun gives that blank a name and a type. Write ? or ?name anywhere an expression is missing, and the compiler tells you what belongs there: the type it expects, the in-scope values that fit directly, and the functions whose result would fit if you gave them more holes.

Here is a pipeline with one part left blank. It takes a list of names, transforms each one, and joins the results.

let names = ["ada", "grace", "alan"]

let headline names =
  names
  |> List.map ?upper
  |> String.join ", "

names |> headline |> print

Running pyfun check reports the gap rather than a failure:

note: hole `?upper` has type `'a -> string` — try: String.fromFloat, String.fromInt, String.lower, String.strip, String.upper, id — or: String.concat ?, String.join ?, Format.fixed ?, Format.percent ?
 --> 5:15
  |
5 |   |> List.map ?upper
  |               ^^^^^^^

The hole needs a function producing a string, and String.upper is right there under try:. The or: list names functions that would also fit if you filled their own holes. Replace ?upper with String.upper and the program compiles and prints ADA, GRACE, ALAN.

This is the workflow: sketch the whole pipeline with holes, let the compiler name each gap’s type, and fill inward from the types and the suggested fits. You never have to guess a function’s signature, because the hole reports it for you, and a hole blocks compilation by design, so nothing runs until every blank is filled.

Exercise

Fill both holes. report looks a score up in a map, supplies a fallback when the name is absent, and turns the number into a string. pyfun check reports each hole with a try: value that fits. The first report is:

note: hole `?render` has type `int -> 'a` — try: Format.padLeft, Format.padRight, List.range, Seq.range, String.fromFloat, String.fromInt — or: String.slice ?, Format.currency ?, Format.fixed ?, Format.percent ?

let scores = Map.add "ada" 10 (Map.add "alan" 9 Map.empty)

let report name =
  Map.tryFind name scores
  |> Option.withDefault ?missing
  |> ?render

print (report "ada")
print (report "cy")

Expected output:

10
0

Open in the playground

let scores = Map.add "ada" 10 (Map.add "alan" 9 Map.empty)

let report name =
  Map.tryFind name scores
  |> Option.withDefault 0
  |> String.fromInt

print (report "ada")
print (report "cy")